What is Dyslexia?

Dyslexia is a learning difference in language processing characterized by significant difficulties in reading, writing, and spelling, despite normal intelligence. Genetic factors (such as KIAA0319 gene variants) and early environmental influences (such as prenatal stress and immune system dysregulation) may play a role in its development.

Individuals with dyslexia exhibit distinct differences in brain structure and function, particularly reduced activity in the left hemisphere regions responsible for reading and language processing, which is often compensated for by increased activity in the right hemisphere. Electroencephalography (EEG) data indicate an increase in slow brain waves (delta and theta bands) and a decrease in the beta1 band in individuals with dyslexia. Reduced activity in the left parieto-occipital and temporal regions is strongly associated with reading difficulties. Moreover, individuals with dyslexia do not exhibit the expected suppression of alpha waves during cognitive tasks, suggesting impairments in attention processes and sensory information processing.

EEG studies also reveal disrupted interhemispheric connectivity and significantly stronger and more synchronized theta waves in individuals with dyslexia. This may indicate cortical hyperarousal and irregularities in neural networks.

Artificial intelligence (AI)-assisted analyses can accurately detect these dyslexia-related biomarkers, enabling early professional assessment and personalized interventions.